Khaldi Mac OS

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• Khaldi Mac Os X

Ḫaldi (^d,Ḫaldi, also known as Khaldi) was one of the three chief deities of Urartu. He was a warrior god to whom the kings of Urartu would pray for victories in battle. Ḫaldi was portrayed as a man with or without wings, standing on a lion.^[3]

His principle shrine was at Ardini (Muṣaṣir). The temples dedicated to Khaldi were adorned with weapons such as swords, spears, bows and arrows, and shields hung from the walls and were sometimes known as 'the house of weapons'.^[3]

History[edit]

According to Urartologist Paul Zimansky, Haldi was not a native Urartian god but apparently an obscure Akkadian deity (which explains the location of the main temple of worship for Haldi in Musasir, believed to be near modern Rawandiz, Iraq).^[4] Haldi was not initially worshipped by Urartians, at least as their chief god, as his cult does not appear to have been introduced until the reign of Ishpuini.^[4]

According to Michael C. Astour, Haldi could be etymologically related to the Hurrian word 'heldi', meaning 'high'.^[5] An alternate theory postulates that the name could be of Indo-European (possibly Helleno-Armenian) or Old Armenian origin, meaning 'sun god' (compare with Greek Helios and Latin Sol). The Urartian Kings used to erect steles dedicated to Ḫaldi in which they inscribed the successes of their military campaigns, the buildings built, and also the agricultural activities that took place during their reign.^[6]

Mythology[edit]

Along with Ḫaldi of Ardini, the other two chief deities of Urartu were Theispas of Kumenu, and Shivini of Tushpa.^[5] Of all the gods of the Urartian pantheon, the most inscriptions are dedicated to Ḫaldi.^{[citation needed]} His wife was the goddess Arubani and/or the goddess Bagvarti.^[3]

He was the primary god of the most prominent group of Urartian tribes, which eventually evolved into the Armenian nation. Some sources claim that the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenians, Hayk, is derived from Ḫaldi, but other theories about the etymology of Hayk are more widely accepted.^[7]

Haldi's depiction in Uratian art has been the subject of confusion, and as of 2012 no images of him explicitly labelled as such were known. In 1963, Margarete Riemschneider proposed that Haldi was 'pictureless' and never depicted in Uratian imagery, and suggested that he was symbolized by a lance. Zimansky in 2012 wrote that he had been a skeptic of this theory, but 'I think it unlikely that the paucity of securely identified depictions of Haldi can be due entirely to the poverty of secure identifications in Uratian art generally' and suggested that one image, of a man surrounded by flames leading a pantheon of gods into battle, might represent the king: a 'mortal agent...empowered by the divine'.^[8]

Gallery[edit]

• Khaldi's temple in Erebuni, 782 BCE

• Khaldi god standing on a lion, Armenian postage stamp, 1993

• Urartu God Chaldi

• Erywań, Erebuni Fortress

• Erebuni pattern

• Modern Armenian reproduction

• Urartian Carcanet

References[edit]

1. ^Sayce, A.H. (1908). 'Armenia (Vannic)'. In Hastings, James (ed.). Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. 1. pp. 793–794.iarchive:encyclopaediaofr01hastuoft
2. ^Ananikian, Mardiros H. (1908). 'Armenia (Zoroastrian)'. In Hastings, James (ed.). Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. 1. pp. 794–802.iarchive:encyclopaediaofr01hastuoft
3. ^ ^abc'Haldi (ancient god)'. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
4. ^ ^abZimansky, Paul (2012). Imagining Haldi. p. 714.
5. ^ ^abAstour, Michael C. (1987). Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians. p. 48. ISBN9780931464089 – via Google Books.
6. ^Çiftçi, Ali (2017). The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. Brill. p. 228. ISBN9789004347588.
7. ^Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000–2005). The heritage of Armenian literature. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 65. ISBN0814328156. OCLC42477084. Hayk, the legendary archer, has been part of Armenian culture and history since time immemorial.[¶] Hayk is considered the patriarch of the Armenians, and is indeed for this reason that Armenians call themselves Hay (pronounced haï). Hayk derives from the Urartian deity Khaldi, whose divide attributes he originally assumed with the constellation Orion. The well-known epic of Hayk's fight against Bell provides substantial proof that Hayk and his people stood up against Bel and halted the unrestrained influx of Semitic peoples from the south.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
8. ^Zimansky, Paul. 'Imagining Haldi'. Stories of Long Ago: Festschrift fur Michael Roaf. Retrieved 28 August 2020.

• Piotrovsky, Boris B. (1969). The Ancient Civilization of Urartu: An archaeological adventure. Cowles Book Co. ISBN0-214-66793-6.

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On Sunday April 24, 2011 WikiLeaks began publishing 779 secret files from the notorious Guantanamo Bay prison camp. The details for every detainee will be released daily over the coming month.

The nearly 800 documents in WikiLeaks' latest release of classified US documents are memoranda from Joint Task Force Guantánamo (JTF-GTMO), the combined force in charge of the US 'War on Terror' prison at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, to US Southern Command, in Miami, Florida, regarding the disposition of the prisoners.

Written between 2002 and 2008, the memoranda were all marked as 'secret,' and their subject was whether to continue holding a prisoner, or whether to recommend his release (described as his 'transfer' -- to the custody of his own government, or that of some other government). They were obviously not conclusive in and of themselves, as final decisions about the disposition of prisoners were taken at a higher level, but they are very significant, as they represent not only the opinions of JTF-GTMO, but also the Criminal Investigation Task Force, created by the Department of Defense to conduct interrogations in the 'War on Terror,' and the BSCTs, the behavioral science teams consisting of psychologists who had a major say in the 'exploitation' of prisoners in interrogation.

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Under the heading, 'JTF-GTMO Detainee Assessment,' the memos generally contain nine sections, describing the prisoners as follows, although the earlier examples, especially those dealing with prisoners released -- or recommended for release -- between 2002 and 2004, may have less detailed analyses than the following:

1. Personal information

Each prisoner is identified by name, by aliases, which the US claims to have identified, by place and date of birth, by citizenship, and by Internment Serial Number (ISN). These long lists of numbers and letters -- e.g. US9YM-000027DP -- are used to identify the prisoners in Guantánamo, helping to dehumanize them, as intended, by doing away with their names. The most significant section is the number towards the end, which is generally shortened, so that the example above would be known as ISN 027. In the files, the prisoners are identified by nationality, with 47 countries in total listed alphabetically, from 'az' for Afghanistan to 'ym' for Yemen.

2. Health

This section describes whether or not the prisoner in question has mental health issues and/or physical health issues. Many are judged to be in good health, but there are some shocking examples of prisoners with severe mental and/or physical problems.

3. JTF-GTMO Assessment

a. Under 'Recommendation,' the Task Force explains whether a prisoner should continue to be held, or should be released.
b. Under 'Executive Summary,' the Task Force briefly explains its reasoning, and, in more recent cases, also explains whether the prisoner is a low, medium or high risk as a threat to the US and its allies and as a threat in detention (i.e. based on their behavior in Guantánamo), and also whether they are regarded as of low, medium or high intelligence value.
c. Under 'Summary of Changes,' the Task Force explains whether there has been any change in the information provided since the last appraisal (generally, the prisoners are appraised on an annual basis).

4. Detainee's Account of Events

Based on the prisoners' own testimony, this section puts together an account of their history, and how they came to be seized, in Afghanistan, Pakistan or elsewhere, based on their own words.

5. Capture Information

This section explains how and where the prisoners were seized, and is followed by a description of their possessions at the time of capture, the date of their transfer to Guantánamo, and, spuriously, 'Reasons for Transfer to JTF-GTMO,' which lists alleged reasons for the prisoners' transfer, such as knowledge of certain topics for exploitation through interrogation. The reason that this is unconvincing is because, as former interrogator Chris Mackey (a pseudonym) explained in his book The Interrogators, the US high command, based in Camp Doha, Kuwait, stipulated that every prisoner who ended up in US custody had to be transferred to Guantánamo -- and that there were no exceptions; in other words, the 'Reasons for transfer' were grafted on afterwards, as an attempt to justify the largely random rounding-up of prisoners.

6. Evaluation of Detainee's Account

In this section, the Task Force analyzes whether or not they find the prisoners' accounts convincing.

7. Detainee Threat

This section is the most significant from the point of view of the supposed intelligence used to justify the detention of prisoners. After 'Assessment,' which reiterates the conclusion at 3b, the main section, 'Reasons for Continued Detention,' may, at first glance, look convincing, but it must be stressed that, for the most part, it consists of little more than unreliable statements made by the prisoners' fellow prisoners -- either in Guantánamo, or in secret prisons run by the CIA, where torture and other forms of coercion were widespread, or through more subtle means in Guantánamo, where compliant prisoners who were prepared to make statements about their fellow prisoners were rewarded with better treatment. Some examples are available on the homepage for the release of these documents: http://wikileaks.ch/gitmo/

With this in mind, it should be noted that there are good reasons why Obama administration officials, in the interagency Guantánamo Review Task Force established by the President to review the cases of the 241 prisoners still held in Guantánamo when he took office, concluded that only 36 could be prosecuted.

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The final part of this section, 'Detainee’s Conduct,' analyzes in detail how the prisoners have behaved during their imprisonment, with exact figures cited for examples of 'Disciplinary Infraction.'

8. Detainee Intelligence Value Assessment

After reiterating the intelligence assessment at 3b and recapping on the prisoners' alleged status, this section primarily assesses which areas of intelligence remain to be 'exploited,' according to the Task Force.

Khaldi Mac Os X

9. EC Status

The final section notes whether or not the prisoner in question is still regarded as an 'enemy combatant,' based on the findings of the Combatant Status Review Tribunals, held in 2004-05 to ascertain whether, on capture, the prisoners had been correctly labeled as 'enemy combatants.' Out of 558 cases, just 38 prisoners were assessed as being 'no longer enemy combatants,' and in some cases, when the result went in the prisoners' favor, the military convened new panels until it got the desired result.

Khaldi Mac OS